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27 octobre 2015

Le Samaritaine projet

 

Plus que jamais, le projet Samaritaine est lié à la photographie. Le troisième volet de Ma Samaritaine affirme la poursuite d’un projet dans lequel la photographie accompagne durablement la transformation d’un bâtiment mythique au coeur de Paris.

Après avoir commandé un état des lieux explorant les onze niveaux du bâtiment avant transformation, alors que la reconstitution des archives visuelles se poursuit, nous continuons à solliciter les photographes pour que leur regard nous révéle des interprétations inusitées des lieux, pour qu’ils éclairent de leur regard ce qui est avant qu’ils ne chroniquent ce qui va advenir.

Après avoir demandé à cinq jeunes français et cinq jeunes étrangers de nous donner leur vision du lieu, ce sont dix étudiants et anciens elèves de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Beaux Arts qui, l’an passé, avaient décliné les grandes directions de la photographie contemporaine.

Alors que les travaux battent leur plein nous avons, cette année, fait appel à des regards plus affirmés, à des auteurs plus connus, de nous livrer leur expérience d’un lieu qu’ils ont investi avec enthousiasme. La diversité de leurs propositions, dans lesquelles le style de chacun estreconnaissable, réserve cependant des surprises.

 

Pierre-Olivier Deschamps a, pour un état des lieux explorant l’ensemble des onze niveaux, documenté le lieu professionnellement. Mais, au-delà de cette constitution d’une mémoire stricte, il a questionné la fonction de la couleur et de la composition dans l’approche de l’espace et de l’architecture.

 

Sarah Moon a su retrouver, en se coulant avec fluidité dans l’immensité du lieu retrouver les miracles de lumière et de matière dont elle est familière. Elle met à profit poussieres et coups de vent, frottis et vitres pour moduler les gris et donner profondeur aux noirs et ouvrir sur la villedont elle donne une vision poetique.

 

Georges Rousse, lui, a comme a son habitude, joué en magicien sur la perspective en intervenant in situ pour transformer radicalement la perception de l’espace. Sa grande pièce colorée est accompagnée des études préparatoires comme autant de possibles perturbations de notre lecture de l’espace.

 

Le suédois JH Engström a installé une tension entre les visions amples et les détails, entre le noir et blanc et la couleur, entre l’image unique et les compositions en panneau pour questionnerautant sa pratique de la photographie qu’un lieu qu’il découvrait.

Quant à Michael Ackerman, il a plongé avec fascination dans un monde dans lequel il a naturellement retrouvé des échos à son propre univers, flottant, parfois au bord de l’effacement, structuré par la lumière qui à la fois aveugle et révèle. Pour la première fois il insiste sur la couleur,avec une tonalité bien à lui, vibrante.

 

Yves Marchand & Romain Meffre, eux, se confrontent à l’architecture, questionnent la frontalité,prennent le bâtiment à bras le corps comme ils ont l’habitude de le faire. Mais à l’amplitude de leur vision ils associent des détails, se rapprochent, traquent également des signes fortement structurés par la couleur.

Tous, comme dans les éditions précédentes, ont des regards différents. Plus affirmés, plus fermes,plus déterminés, plus tranchés.

Aujourd’hui, ces images sont déjà des documents. La transformation est en marche, qui les rendpour la plupart impossibles à refaire. Mais il n’y a aucune nostalgie dans tout cela. Parce que l’avancée du chantier signifie simplement des surprises à venir, que les photographes nous feront partager.

Christian Caujolle

Commissaire de l’exposition Ma Samaritaine 2015

 

Publicité
Publicité
16 septembre 2015

Bernard Plossu & Michel Butor - Paris-Londres-Paris, 1988

L'œuvre photographique de Bernard Plossu est riche de voyages ; ceux qu'il a accomplis, ceux qu'il propose au spectateur d'accomplir dans ses images.

Ici la fugacité des visions est propre à rendre perceptible la sensation du voyageur en transit qui voit le monde se dérouler comme un film. Les arrêts sur image nous interpellent par leur nostalgie prémonitoire tant sur ce que nous voyons que sur ce que nous allons vivre.

Dans un avenir proche, le voyage transmanche tel qu'il existe aujourd'hui, train et bateau avec transbordement, sera menacé. Les lignes empruntées actuellement, très anciennement intégrées au paysage, seront abandonnées au profit de lignes nouvelles à grande vitesse. Toute une figure de ce voyage tel qu'il existe depuis des siècles va donc disparaître. Le voyageur de la fin de ce siècle ne verra plus la mer, sa perception du paysage, de l'insularité et de l'architecture de lieux de transit (gares, ports) va être elle aussi bouleversée.

Dans cette situation de passage, géographique et temporel, le texte de Michel Butor et les images de Bernard Plossu dialoguent autour des points de rencontre que sont « la modification », les paysages intermédiaires et un « hyperbanalisme » sensible.

Plossu1 Plossu2

Bernard Plossu (1945-, France), "Paris-Londres-Paris", Sans titre, 1988, 57,8 x 38,9 cm,
commande Mission Photographique Transmanche n°1, 1988.

Bernard Plossu (1945-, France), "Paris-Londres-Paris", Sans titre, 1988, 57,9 x 39 cm,
commande Mission Photographique Transmanche n°1, 1988. 

http://www.centre-photographie-npdc.fr

17 juin 2015

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Rudolph Eickemeyer Jr. En descendant les marches

INTRODUCTION

The Photo-Club de Paris was created by members who seceded from the Société de Francaise de Photographie and it included influential photographers including Robert Demachy and Constant Puyo. In 1894 they hosted one of the most lavish and international of the artistic photographic salons of the late nineteenth century. Precedents to this had been set by the 1888 Vienna salon, followed by the Vienna salons of 1891 and 1892 and the first London (Linked Ring) salon held in 1893. Each of these broke away from the older established photographic societies that were inclusive but frequently interested in technical rather than artistic achievement. 
 
On July 20th, 1893,  the 10 articles outlining the rules for entry to this first French exposition (Première Exposition d‘Art Photographique) were established by Photo-Club de Paris president Maurice Bucquet and counter-signed by the club‘s secretary Paul Bourgeois. A jury of ten men was established headed by Armand Dayot, the Inspecteur des Beaux-Arts, and it included five painters, a sculptor, an art-critic and two photographers who were members of the committee for the Société Francaise de Photographie. Entry rules for the salon exposition stated that  “only work, which, beyond excellent technique, presents real artistic character will be accepted”. 1.  It was seen as important by the founders of the salons that photography was accepted within the broader community of the arts and the composition of the jury reflects this goal. 
 
The first exhibition, the “Première Exposition d‘Art Photographique”, ran from January 10-30th, 1894 and was held by the fashionable Galleries Georges Petit at 8 Rue de Seze in Paris. The exact number of photographs and entrants is given differently by different sources - Weston Naef in his book The Collection of Alfred Stieglitz  (2.)  gives 505 photographs by 156 photographers were accepted and displayed and a contemporary reviewer (G.Mareschal) in La Nature: Revue Des Sciences (1894 -premier semestre) 3.  gives 511 accepted photographs from the 2000 submitted. 
 
A contemporary review (La Nature p. 126) gives the breakdown of the accepted prints by country:

    •    France - 300
    •    England - 115
    •    Austria - 52
    •    America - 45
    •    Switzerland - 50
    •    Russia - 22
    •    Belgium - 18

It is not surprising given the location that 69 of the photographers accepted for this first exposition were from France but the material included was highly international. There were 30 photographers from Great Britain including Scotland and the Isle of Wight; Austria had 17 followed by Belgium and Holland with ten. Nine were from America: including Emilie Clarkson, John Bullock, John Dumont, Rudolph Eickemeyer, Emma Farnsworth, Clarence Moore, William Post, Robert Redfield and Alfred Stieglitz. Works from Germany, Italy, Spain, Russia and Switzerland were hung. Algeria was represented by at least one photograph by the Frenchman Emile Frechon. The work of the deceased, but influential, British photographer Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879) was acknowledged by the exposition committee members and she had an unknown number of works accepted for hanging. 
 
Weston Naef in his book The Collection of Alfred Stieglitz describes this first French exposition: “The most stunning event, outdoing anything yet seen in the world of photography, was the 1894 Première Exposition d‘Art Photographique held by the Photo-Club de Paris.” (1978:30) but he also makes the observation that “The selection process was not as highly selective as that of the Photographic Salon in London, nor did it reflect the direction Stieglitz would take in organizing American exhibitions.” (1978:32) Naef continues: “Winner of the sweepstakes for most works exhibited at Paris was J. Craig Annan with fifteen photographs, followed closely by René Le Bègue, with fourteen pictures. Surprisingly high in the running was Emma Justine Farnsworth, whose nine images considerably outdistanced Eickemeyer‘s seven and Stieglitz‘s three. The exhibition reflected the tastes of a jury half of which consisted of painters and sculptors, while the selection in the deluxe catalog was made by the photographers.” (1978:32) 
 
An Austrian perspective of this first French exposition was included in the March 1894 issue of the Vienna Camera Club journal Wiener Photographische Blätter.  (pgs. 63-64)  4. Club president Alfred Buschbeck first gave notice of the groundbreaking photographic art exhibition held by his club in 1892 and how the 1893 London salon of the Linked Ring Brotherhood followed suit. He stated that the 1894 Paris exposition was done in the same spirit and acknowledged the fine entries accepted by several members of the Vienna club. Furthermore, he informed interested members that copies of a “werk” with “50 heliogravures” could be purchased for the price of 50 French francs. Further acknowledgment of this exposition catalogue appears on page 164 and lists seven Vienna Camera Club members who participated in the show and the six who had work reproduced in the catalogue. 
 
This online version of large-plate heliogravures (photogravures), comes from the personal copy of Photo-Club de Paris founder member Constant Puyo. It is example #42 of 470 deluxe copies printed on French (mould made) white Marais paper. An additional 30 copies were printed on Imperial Japan paper. All of the heliogravures were printed by the French lithography firm of LeMercier & Cie. Fifty of the copper plates were made by M. Fillon and the remaining six were by  Blechinger of Vienna, Richard Paulussen of Vienna, Paul Dujardin of Paris, James Craig Annan of Scotland and gallery host Georges Petit of Paris for the watercolor by artist Guillaume Dubufe that introduces the portfolio as the first plate. 
 
PhotoSeed would like to acknowledge the generosity of Frédéric Perrier for providing some of the French to English translations from the portfolio as well as LuminousLint.com founder Alan Griffiths for additional editorial research.

NOTES

1. Harker, Margaret (1979) The Linked Ring: The Secession Movement in Photography in Britain, 1892-1910 A Royal Photographic Society Publication: p. 66

2. Naef, Weston (1978) The Collection of Alfred Stieglitz: Fifty Pioneers of Modern Photography The Metropolitan Museum of Art / The Viking Press 

3. Mareschal, G. : 1894: Exposition D’Art Photographique, in: La Nature: Revue Des Sciences  (#1077- January 20th, 1894 -p. 126) Paris: Libraire De L’Acadêmie De Mêdecine

4. Verlag Des Camera-Clubs (1894) Wiener Photographische Blätter : Herausgegeben vom Camera-Club in Wien: Editor-Proffesor F. Schiffner : Vienna

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

John Bergheim Gazaleh

 

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

William Anckorn Réve d'Enfant

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Constant Puyo La Tapisserie

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Frederick Boissonnas Les Troglodytes

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Emilie Clarkson Miroir de l'Eau

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Maurice Bremard Crépuscule

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Michel Kotchoubey Bords du Soupoï

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

J. Lacroix Sanguine

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Edouard Hannon Matinée d'automne

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Georges Balagny Coucher de Soleil

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Lewis Cohen Un Bivouac

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Maurice Bucquet Étude 

Première Exposition d'Art Photographique- 1894

Dr. Hugo HennebergEn Été

 

3 mars 2015

Florence Henri

Lucia Moholy, Portrait Florence Henri, en face, 1927
Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin

Florence Henri was born in New York on 28 June 1893; her father was French and her mother was German. Following her mother’s death in 1895, she and her father moved first to her mother’s family in Silesia; she later lived in Paris, Munich and Vienna and finally moved to the Isle of Wight in England in 1906. After her father’s death there three years later, Florence Henri lived in Rome with her aunt Anni and her husband, the Italian poet Gino Gori, who was in close touch with the Italian Futurists. She studied piano at the music conservatory in Rome.

During a visit to Berlin, Henri started to focus on painting, after meeting the art critic Carl Einstein and, through him, Herwarth Walden and other Berlin artists. In 1914, she enrolled at the Academy of Art in Berlin, and starting in 1922, trained in the studio of the painter Johannes Walter-Kurau. Before moving to Dessau, Henri studied painting with the Purists Fernand Léger and Amédée Ozenfant at the Académie Moderne in Paris. She arrived at the Bauhaus in Dessau in April 1927. She had already met the Bauhaus artists Georg Muche and László Moholy-Nagy and had developed a passion for Marcel Breuer’s tubular steel furniture. Up to July 1927, Henri attended the preliminary course directed by Moholy-Nagy, lived in the Hungarian artist’s house, and became a close friend of his first wife, Lucia Moholy, who encouraged her to take up photography. From the Moholy-Nagys, Henri learned the basic technical and visual principles of the medium, which she used in her initial photographic experiments after leaving Dessau. In early 1928, she abandoned painting altogether and from then on focused on photography, with which she established herself as a professional freelance photographer with her own studio in Paris – despite being self-taught.

Even during her first productive year as a photographer, László Moholy-Nagy published one of her unusual self-portraits, as well as a still life with balls, tyres, and a mirror, in "i10. Internationale Revue".The first critical description of her photographic work, which Moholy-Nagy wrote to accompany the photos, recognizes that her pictures represented an important expansion of the entire ‘problem of manual painting’, in which ‘reflections and spatial relationships, overlapping and penetrations are examined from a new perspectival angle’.

Self-portait, 1927Self-portrait, 1938

Mirrors become the most important feature in Henri’s first photographs. She used them both for most of her self-dramatizations and also for portraits of friends, as well as for commercial shots. She took part in the international exhibition entitled ‘Das Lichtbild’ [The Photograph] in Munich in 1930, and the following year she presented her images of bobbins at a ‘Foreign Advertising Photography’ exhibition in New York. The artistic quality of her photographs was compared with Man Ray, László Moholy-Nagy and Adolphe Baron de Mayer, as well as the with winner of the first prize at the exhibition, Herbert Bayer. Only three years after the new photographer had taken her first pictures, her self-portrait achieved the equal status with her male colleagues that she had been aiming for.

Up to the start of the Second World War, Henri established herself as a skilled photographer with her own photographic studio in Paris (starting in 1929). When the city was occupied by the Nazis, her photographic work declined noticeably. The photographic materials needed were difficult to obtain, and in any case Henri’s photographic style was forbidden under the Nazi occupation; she turned her attention again to painting. With only a few later exceptions, the peak of her unique photographic experiments and professional photographic work was in the period from 1927 to 1930.

Even in the 1950s, Henri’s photographs from the Thirties were being celebrated as icons of the avant-garde. Her photographic oeuvre was recognized during her lifetime in one-woman exhibitions and publications in various journals, includingN-Z Wochenschau.She also produced photographs during this period, such as a series of pictures of the dancer Rosella Hightower. She died in Compiègne on 24 July 1982.

www.bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/florence-henri

Portrait Lore, 1936 Flohmarkt_600  HenriNuPresMer685 HenriStuhl_684_240Web

 

www.jeudepaume.org

24 février 2015

Sherill Schell: New York 1930s

Chanin Building New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 29,6 x 21,7 cm Exchange Place New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 31 x 22,8 cm

Number Ten New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 29 x 22,9 cm Signature manuscrite sous l'épreuve et légende au crayon au dos Elevated Entrance of Skyscraper 9th Avenue New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 30,5 x 23,8 cm

Sherril SCHELL (1877-1964), photographe américain, débuta son activité de photographe à Londres dans les années 1910 ou il se consacra à l'art du portrait dans le milieu intellectuel anglais. Après un passage au Mexique, il retourna aux États-Unis et s'installa à New York ou les grands changements architecturaux de la ville inspirèrent la partie la plus importante de son oeuvre. Julien Levy, en galeriste visionnaire, montra ses images dès 1932 avec celles d'Abbott, Evans, Bourke-White et Lynes dans son exposition Photographs of New York by New York photographers. L'association de sa «nouvelle vision» et du soin extrême apporté au tirage et à la présentation des épreuves, fait des photographies de Schell des oeuvres incomparables aux productions de ses contemporains. Des photographies de Sherril Schell sont conservées au Museum of the City of New York (acquises directement de l'artiste), et à l'Art Institute of Chicago. Adolf de Meyer collectionna les vues modernistes de Schell.

Construction Work on 9th Avenue New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 29,6 x 23,5 cm 5th Avenue New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 30,5 x 24,2 cm 

The New Building New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 30 x 23,1 cm Woolworth & Transportation Bldgs New York Vers 1930

The Battery From Governor's Island n° 2 New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 30 x 24 cm Construction Work on 5th Avenue New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 29,9 x 23,9 cm

The New Building New York Vers 1930 Épreuve argentique 30 x 23,1 cm

 Vente Pierre Berger Associés - Drouot - 19 mars 2015 

Publicité
Publicité
4 janvier 2015

Introduction to Identifying 19th Century Images, by Maureen Taylor

Daguerrotype, Unidentified, 1840's.

Tucked away in family collections, archives and museums are stunning examples of nineteenth century photographic talent. A customer in a photo studio in 1860 could choose from a wide variety of photographic methods—a shiny metal daguerreotype, a glass ambrotype, a varnished tintype or a paper print.  For the contemporary viewer, each of these techniques has distinctive qualities that make them readily identifiable.

Daguerreotypes

While there were individuals experimenting with the daguerreotype process in 1839, the first daguerreotypes appeared in America in 1840 in the hands of Francois Gouraud a contemporary of the inventor, Louis Daguerre. Gouraud traveled throughout the United States giving demonstrations on how to create an image on a silver plate.

These highly reflective images consist of a sheet of polished copper plates coated with a thin layer of silver, covered in light sensitive chemicals and exposed to light. The resulting portraits were initially both crude and miraculous. Never before had individuals seen such a clear (and often unflattering) portrait of themselves. Unfortunately, the first cameras had long exposure times. This meant holding a particular pose and expression for a length of time. One move resulted in a blurry image.

These images were one of kind. The technology did not exist to make multiple copies. Daguerreotypists learned to make duplicates of the image by having an individual sit for additional portraits or by making copies of the original. Mass-production of daguerreotypes often became the responsibility of an engraver who made prints based on the image.  Early daguerreotypes are generally laterally reversed images. There were reversal prisms but they could be problematic so not every photographer used one.

Even with this limitation, the daguerreotype became an instant success. In the United States, whole industries developed to produce the metal plates, chemicals, and cases necessary for this new process. Anyone with the technical knowledge and the financial resources to purchase equipment and supplies established themselves as daguerreian artists.

Daguerreotypes came in variety of sizes from a mammoth plate (8 1/2 inches in height) to the small ninth plates (2 1/2 inches in height). Popular portrait sizes were the quarter, sixth and ninth plate.

 

Customers sat for a likeness then carried home their image in a case made of wide variety of materials from paper to mother of pearl inlay. During the 1860s, cases made of gun cotton, ether and gutta percha allowed factories to press elaborate designs into their hard shell cases.

When handling daguerrotypes, don’t take these fragile images apart. One touch can erase part of the image. To identify a daguerrotype, hold the image at an angle, and if the photographic image disappears (and you see a mirrored image) then it is a daguerrotype.

Ambrotypes

Ambrotype. Unidentified woman, 1850′s. Notice that parts of the backing has fallen off showing the negative qualtities of the image.

In the mid-1850s James Ambrose Cutting patented positive images.  It is thought that the name for these Ambrotypes derives from his middle name. Popular from the late 1850s to circa 1870, they consist of a piece of glass coated with photo chemicals in a suspension of collodion, (a mixture of gun cotton and ether). This creates a negative image but when backed with a dark piece of cloth or fabric it becomes positive. Cased images consisted of an image, the cover glass, mat, case and preserver. Just like the daguerreotype, ambrotypes were a one of a kind image. They were available in the same sizes as a daguerreotype. A way to identify an ambrotype without taking it apart is to look for missing pieces or holes in the backing material. These dark areas will appear transparent.

Ferreotypes/Tintypes

Tintype. Unidentified woman, 1880′s.

The third type of cased photograph resembles a daguerreotype only because it is an image on metal. Unlike the daguerreotype and ambrotype more than one tintype could be made at a sitting. It was inexpensive to produce, and it took less than a minute to walk out of a photographer’s studio with one in hand. Some photographers used special multi-lens cameras to produce additional individual exposures. Tintypes, like daguerreotypes and ambrotypes were not made used a negative.

Tintypes or ferreotypes have a fascinating history. It was the first photographic process invented in the United States and its longevity is only surpassed by the paper print. A chemistry professor in Ohio patented the process in 1856 and it survived until the middle of the twentieth century.  While the name suggests the metal was tin, it was actually iron sheets cut into standard sizes.  The sizes initially corresponded to ambrotypes and daguerreotypes so that in the early period they could be placed in cases.  Other sizes were introduced later such as the “thumbnail or gem” tintype made to fit into a specially created album. These tintypes were literally no larger than a thumbnail, thus their nickname. Tintypes can be found in either a case, a paper sleeve with a cut out for the image or lacking their protective covering.  A whole plate measures 6 ½ x 8 ½ inches while gems are approximately 1 inch square.

Paper Prints

Cabinet card. Unidentified gelatin print, circa 1898.

In 1839, an inventor in England, William Fox Talbot, experimented with paper photographs. His very rare prints, called photogenic drawings used ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) as part of the process to prepare the substrate, which made it more receptive to silver nitrate.  Talbot continued to improve the Calotype process. This is essentially the same system, negative and paper print, which we use today.

The most popular type of paper print was the card photograph, which was essentially a paper print mounted on cardboard stock. Cartes de visite, cabinet cards, and stereographs are three types of card photographs. The size of the card varied from cartes de visite which were 2 1⁄2″ x 4 1⁄4″ to the Imperial or life-size cabinet cards, which were 6 7⁄8″x 9 7⁄8.” There were at least twenty different types of cards. By the 1880s, cabinet cards replaced the smaller cards in popularity.

It’s unclear who invented the small card photographs known as cartes de viste, but they became popular in 1854 when Frenchman Andre Adolphe Eugene Disderi developed a camera that could take eight pictures in one negative. The resulting prints, mounted to calling-card sized cardboard, began appearing in the United States in 1859.

Collecting cards of royalty and other famous individuals became a pastime encouraged by the mass production of photographs of newsworthy events and famous people. Booksellers, publishers, and photographers sold them to augment their income. They could sell thousands of copies of a popular image.

Carte des visite were primarily albumen prints. These prints consist of paper stock of various thicknesses coated with egg whites and light sensitive silver nitrate. The photographer, immediately prior to use, made this type of paper print on site. Factory-made paper did not become available until the 1870′s

A photograph was taken by exposing a glass negative to light while in the camera. The negative would then be placed against the coated paper and left in sunlight. The exposure to the sun developed the picture. Washing the print in chemical baths and toning it with gold chloride gave albumen prints a brownish color. These early prints tended to fade.

Stereograph. View of Fort Sumter, late 1860′s. Collection of the Library of Congress.

A stereoscopic image is composed of two nearly identical images mounted side-by-side. A special camera with two lenses mounted two and one-half inches apart took the picture. The distance between the lenses matches the average distance between two eyes. This calculation allows the image to appear three-dimensional when examined through a special viewer.

In the 1880s, a new type of paper print appeared. While studios had produced all the card photographs, they were about to have competition from an unlikely source—amateurs. The age of candid photography began when George Eastman developed an easy to use roll film camera that anyone could operate. He called it the Kodak.

In the mid nineteenth century there were basically two types of paper prints. Those considered printing out papers and those called developing out papers. In the first instance light sensitive chemicals applied to paper allow the image to appear during exposure to light. Developing out papers require chemical processing to bring out the image. The first twenty years of the photography utilized silver compounds to create the image. After this initial period, photographers experimented with the light sensitive qualities of other chemicals. The platinum print, created with metallic platinum, had the advantage of resisting fading. The lovely blueprint photograph, the cyanotype, consists of iron salts.

Nineteenth-century paper prints are a rainbow of colors, from the brilliant blue of cyanotypes to the soothing gray of platinum prints. The color may also depend on the toning that has been used to tint the image. It is difficult to identify the specific photographic process used for a card photograph unless you are trained in photo identification using a microscope.

So who took these images? On daguerreotypes, ambrotypes and tintypes sometimes photographers scratched their names into the plate or glass, the velvet case liner or the brass mat, but the majority are by unidentified photographers. Daguerreotype plates often have hallmarks on the silver that identify the plate manufacturer.

Whether you’re gazing at the mesmerizing qualities of a daguerreotype, peering at an ambrotype, looking at the muted tones of a tintype or the palette of a paper print, these nineteenth century pictures draw in the viewer enticing them to study the past present in the image. Each one is a historical document worth studying whether you’re interested in the technical expertise or the details in the images.

15 octobre 2014

The Photographers' Gallery shows early colour photography in Russia

images-2 

PRIMROSE: EARLY COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY IN RUSSIA

25 septembre 2014

Le monde merveilleux de Tim Walker

The wonderful world of Tim Walker by Teddy Jamieson

Memories of childhood summers fade like a bruise.

 images-3 images

 images-5 Guinevere-Van-Seenus-by-Tim-Walker-Dreaming-of-Another-World-Vogue-Italia-March-2011-4-1

images-1 images-4

screen-shot-2012-10-04-at-8-46-57-pm testuser5_jul2008_02_Walker1_jb290708_5seoUX_NcPb38

The mark lingers down the years, a fuzzy, yellowing vision rendered in Instagram sepia. Sunlight warming closed eyelids. The sound of the breeze in the tall grass, a creased copy of The Wind In The Willows nearby, the pages fluttering. The smell of suncream, freshly cut grass and salt and vinegar. Afternoons stretching on and on for ever. Dreamtime.

"As adults, time is lost," Tim Walker tells me. "We're all so busy and everything is accelerated. What a child has is a lot of time to wander and daydream. That's what I did as a child."

It's what he still does. Walker is a photographer. He takes photographs of models and clothes for magazines such as Italian Vogue and W. Some of the most recent have been gathered together in a book called Tim Walker Story Teller. I suppose you'd call them fashion pictures. But, really, they're daydreams on paper. Summer fresh and storied. Photographs of a woman sitting in a biplane made of baguettes. Photographs of a UFO gliding over a country fence in the middle of a hunt. Photographs of country houses and beds and Spitfires and blow-up see-through sailing ships. They do what the best fashion photography does – take you somewhere new.

"I love beautiful clothes," admits Walker. "Clothing takes my breath away when it's exquisite. But fashion is something that's not my leading direction as a photographer. I don't actually care for fashion, but I do care about beautiful clothes. And when you're working for Vogue you see all these designers and then the stylist says, 'What about this dress?' And you go, 'That really is a beautifully made dress.' You don't want to do anything else but photograph it. Fashion for me is just a massive dressing-up box. There's always something black, there's always something baggy. In fashion there is always something you can mix together that becomes the costume in the play."

Play is the word he comes back to again and again. Walker grew up in Dorset, part of a nuclear family (mother, father, brother), spent his childhood poring over the pages of Tintin books, and playing outdoors. The picture he paints of it is coloured in happiness. You can see that childhood in his photographs, in their lightness, their sense of fun, their creamy, sun-dappled full fatness. "I think there are aspects of being a child that are too good to lose as you grow up. And I think that being a photographer allows me to still look at things with wonder. It's a total high I get."

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Right now Walker is sitting in his studio in "very inner city" London, looking out at six tower blocks. But he's talking about Maurice Sendak (whose In The Night Kitchen inspired that baguette plane) and the films of Powell and Pressburger and the photographs of Cecil Beaton; in short all the things that have informed his work.

All actions have equal and opposite reactions. It's not just a rule in science. You can see it at work in music and fashion. Fashion photography too. If the nineties belonged to the grungey images of Corinne Day (models with dirty fingernails), Walker came along around the millennium to reconfigure the form and returned it to a state of innocence. From bad romance to high romance if you like.

And his is a quintessentially British romance – romanticism might work better – at that. "I don't go about being British," he argues when I suggest as much. "It's not an aim of mine. I recognise the word pantomime in my work and that's an exclusively British thing, I think. But it would be a lie to say I thought about it. It just seeps out."

Tim Walker's requirements for a 2005 shoot:

80 white rabbits

20 ballerinas

17 mirrored geese

250 ostrich eggs (sprayed gold)

1 box of giant hands

20 Christmas trees

1 Rolls-Royce

The Tim Walker story goes something like this. Some time after he read Tintin he started reading fashion magazines in his late teens and was hooked. "I could see that fashion photography was probably the only way one could tell a story. The whole idea of a fantastical story had its place in fashion photography. That was the only place you could do it. It allowed it. I used to look at fashion pictures and I thought, 'Well, I really quite like that world.'"

He borrowed his brother's camera, a little snap camera, a Christmas present. But he didn't think he could be a proper photographer because he struggled to get to grips with the technicalities. Still, he persevered. He got himself an internship at Vogue House, looking through the archives. "I thought it was actually the dud job working in the dungeon of Conde Nast. I wanted to be in the bright lights and the studio and see all the action. But actually that was the godsend because that was the opening of the door to the history of fashion photography."

Among the "hundreds and hundreds" of photographers he discovered Cecil Beaton stood out. He noticed Beaton's "playful eye" and his willingness to muck about with paper and tinfoil and backdrops – the same things Walker would come to do. He recognised in Beaton a fellow traveller.

Walker started getting some studio experience working for Nick Knight and even spent time as Richard Avedon's fourth assistant. Was there a fifth assistant? "No, I was bottom of the rung. All the crappy, menial jobs all sunk down the ladder. So I opened the studio in the morning and closed it at night. But it was an invaluable lesson in how a photographer communicates with a sitter. Avedon was a master of communication. And it wasn't a sort of Austin Powers communication – sexy and hand-on-hip and 'give it to me, baby'. It was much more visual. Two models would come into the studio and they'd both be wearing black suits and he'd go, 'You're two black crows sitting on a branch and the branch has fallen.' He'd give them stories to play out that I think in the end make his stories so memorable.

"People are very awkward about having their picture taken. I am, you are, we all are. We hate it and anyone who likes it, you wouldn't want to take their picture. It's the responsibility of the photographer to give that person a scenario. If you're told to be a black crow it's something we can all understand and all perform."

Maybe. Later, Walker will nuance the idea when we're talking about his image of a UFO (containing a model) joining a fox hunt. "We photographed that in Northumberland. We spent ages rigging it and scaffolding it and then hiding all the rigging behind an old wooden fence and 80 hounds. So it's all there and physical because the emotion you get from the person in the picture is real. It gives someone something to act against as well. It gives them a real stage with real scenery to do their performance on."

And that is why he goes to so much trouble, goes to such great lengths (like constructing a baguette plane out of polyester). He's telling a story and he wants you to believe it.

Tim Walker is 40 now. He's not grown up but he is growing, he thinks. Looking through the pictures that make up Story Teller he sees in his own work not only a growing confidence in portraiture but a shadowier quality coming through too. "I think it's a lot darker," he admits. That's true. Whereas an earlier collection of his photographs (simply called Pictures) was all fairy cakes and head-over-heels, Story Teller is at times black lace and spiders. Less Stella McCartney, more Mary Shelley. "I don't know where that is coming from. I don't know if it's maturity. I've always been drawn to the poetry of darker things and I think maybe there's a maturity in me now being 40 where I feel confident enough to deal with it and talk about it visually. The idea of the dying poet and that whole concept of gothic-ness is something I find very beautiful."

He was hoping to bring that dark beauty out by adapting Iain Banks's neo-gothic debut novel The Wasp Factory. "That's a major desire and a major disappointment because the rights to the book are no longer with Iain Banks. They've been passed along, along and along. I've met the people who own it and they're not prepared to make the film yet. Unfortunately. And it's something I could totally visualise and would love to have got involved with for a couple of years, but it's not to be. So at the moment I'm looking at other ideas. I'm reading like a bookworm."

That feels like an appropriate image for Walker. From his photographs you do get the sense of a bookish teenager who is going through growing pains. In Story Teller there's even a hint of a burgeoning sexuality. For the first time there's a hint of a different kind of play in his pictures. For the first time in his photographs there are bare breasts and a batwing of desire. It's just that they're mixed in with giant snails and the like. "I think in the original book the pictures had no sexuality whatsoever. Because in a way it's the eye of a child looking at an adult. I think sexuality was something I didn't want to do. But I think this book – although it's not overflowing with sexuality – is the beginnings of the suggestion of something. And that's a growing up in some way. But the whole idea of sexuality in photography is something I can't enforce on somebody unless I see it in them."

He starts talking about the only nude in the book, a portrait of the Polish model Malagosia Bela lying face down on a bed (beside said giant snail) wearing only red patent-leather shoes. "With someone like Malagosia, that's a portrait of her because she's very comfortable with herself in that way. That is her. So it was very easy for me to do a picture of her nude. As it was with Kate Moss the other day. She's very comfortable so to do a picture of her in the nude is a genuine thing. I would never ever push sexuality or nudity on someone if it wasn't them."

We talk about this for a while, because, I suppose, I'm fascinated by how distant his visual world is from, say, the fashion photographer Helmut Newton, who built his career on playing with pornographic tropes. Walker tells me he was just watching a documentary about Newton. "I was fascinated by the sexuality in his pictures. I was fascinated to know whether the girls who work in my studio find them offensive, which they don't. They find them playful and humorous. And just to hear Newton talk about how he had this daydream of a girl masturbating on the side of a car, leaning into the tailfin of a Buick. He had this whole fantasy and it was so genuine. Helmut Newton was comfortable enough to reveal to the world that he had that fantasy, and not only was he comfortable enough to talk about it, but he was comfortable enough to document it as a fantasy picture. That sort of truthfulness I find very appealing. It's just not something I fantasise about. For Helmut Newton his fantasy was nudity. My fantasy might be a bread aeroplane."

For Tim Walker those childhood summers still stretch on for ever.

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Tim Walker Story Teller is published by Thames & Hudson

www.timwalkerphotography.com

21 mars 2014

Egoïste by Nicole Visniack

2 février 2014

Vivian Maier

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A riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma.

Piecing together Vivian Maier’s life can easily evoke Churchill’s famous quote about the vast land of Tsars and commissars that lay to the east. A person who fit the stereotypical European sensibilities of an independent liberated woman, accent and all, yet born in New York City. Someone who was intensely guarded and private, Vivian could be counted on to feistily preach her own very liberal worldview to anyone who cared to listen, or didn’t. Decidedly unmaterialistic, Vivian would come to amass a group of storage lockers stuffed to the brim with found items, art books, newspaper clippings, home films, as well as political tchotchkes and knick-knacks. The story of this nanny who has now wowed the world with her photography, and who incidentally recorded some of the most interesting marvels and peculiarities of Urban America in the second half of the twentieth century is seemingly beyond belief.

An American of French and Austro-Hungarian extraction, Vivian bounced between Europe and the United States before coming back to New York City in 1951. Having picked up photography just two years earlier, she would comb the streets of the Big Apple refining her artistic craft. By 1956 Vivian left the East Coast for Chicago, where she’d spend most of the rest of her life working as a caregiver. In her leisure Vivian would shoot photos that she zealously hid from the eyes of others. Taking snapshots into the late 1990′s, Maier would leave behind a body of work comprising over 100,000 negatives. Additionally Vivian’s passion for documenting extended to a series of homemade documentary films and audio recordings.

Interesting bits of Americana, the demolition of historic landmarks for new development, the unseen lives of various groups of people and the destitute, as well as some of Chicago’s most cherished sites were all meticulously catalogued by Vivian Maier.

Afree spirit but also a proud soul, Vivian became poor and was ultimately saved by three of the children she had nannied earlier in her life. Fondly remembering Maier as a second mother, they pooled together to pay for an apartment and took the best of care for her. Unbeknownst to them, one of Vivian’s storage lockers was auctioned off due to delinquent payments. In those storage lockers lay the massive hoard of negatives Maier secretly stashed throughout her lifetime.

Maier’s massive body of work would come to light when in 2007 her work was discovered at a local thrift auction house on Chicago’s Northwest Side. From there, it would eventually impact the world over and change the life of the man who championed her work and brought it to the public eye, John Maloof.

Currently, Vivian Maier’s body of work is being archived and cataloged for the enjoyment of others and for future generations. John Maloof is at the core of this project after reconstructing most of the archive, having been previously dispersed to the various buyers attending that auction. Now, with roughly 90% of her archive reconstructed, Vivian’s work is part of a renaissance in interest in the art of Street Photography.

“Well, I suppose nothing is meant to last forever. We have to make room for other people. It’s a wheel. You get on, you have to go to the end. And then somebody has the same opportunity to go to the end and so on.” – Vivian Maier

Vivian Maier (February 1, 1926 – April 21, 2009) was an American street photographer born in New York City. Although born in the U.S., it was in France that Maier spent most of her youth. Maier returned to the U.S. in 1951 where she took up work as a nanny and care-giver for the rest of her life. In her leisure however, Maier had begun to venture into the art of photography. Consistently taking photos over the course of five decades, she would ultimately leave over 100,000 negatives, most of them shot in Chicago and New York City. Vivian would further indulge in her passionate devotion to documenting the world around her through homemade films, recordings and collections, assembling one of the most fascinating windows into American life in the second half of the twentieth century.

EARLY YEARS

The Gensburg Family photographed by Vivian Maier The Gensburg Family photographed by Vivian Maier

Maier was born to a French mother and Austrian father in the Bronx borough of New York City. The census records although useful, give us an incomplete picture. We find Vivian at the age of four living in NYC with only her mother along with Jeanne Bertrand, an award winning portrait photographer, her father was already out of the picture. Later records show Vivian returning to the U.S. from France in 1939 with her mother, Marie Maier. Again in 1951 we have records of her subsequent return home from France, this time however, without her mother.

Vivian Maier's Kodak Brownie Vivian Maier’s Kodak Brownie

Sometime in 1949, while still in France, Vivian began toying with her first photos. Her camera was a modest Kodak Brownie box camera, an amateur camera with only one shutter speed, no focus control, and no aperture dial. The viewer screen is tiny, and for the controlled landscape or portrait artist, it would arguably impose a wedge in between Vivian and her intentions due to its inaccuracy. Her intentions were at the mercy of this feeble machine. In 1951, Maier returns to NY on the steamship ‘De-Grass’, and she nestles in with a family in Southampton as a nanny.

In 1952, Vivian purchases a Rolleiflex camera to fulfill her fixation. She stays with this family for most of her stay in New York until 1956, when she makes her final move to the North Shore suburbs of Chicago. The Gensburgs would employ Vivian as a nanny for their three boys and would become her closest family for the remainder of her life.

LATER YEARS

In 1956, when Maier moved to Chicago, she enjoyed the luxury of a darkroom as well as a private bathroom. This allowed her to process her prints and develop her own rolls of B&W film. As the children entered adulthood, the end of Maier’s employment from that first Chicago family in the early seventies forced her to abandon developing her own film. As she would move from family to family, her rolls of undeveloped, unprinted work began to collect.

Left: Vivian Maier's bathroom doubled as a darkroom. Right: Some of Vivian Maier's various cameras Left: Vivian Maier’s bathroom doubled as a darkroom. Right: Some of Vivian Maier’s various cameras
Top: A Vivian Maier color photograph from 1973 Bottom: Maier's undeveloped film

Top: A Vivian Maier color photograph from 1973
Bottom: Maier’s undeveloped film

It was around this time that Maier decided to switch to color photography, shooting on mostly Kodak Ektachrome 35mm film, using a Leica IIIc, and various German SLR cameras. The color work would have an edge to it that hadn’t been visible in Maier’s work before that, and it became more abstract as time went on. People slowly crept out of her photos to be replaced with found objects, newspapers, and graffiti.

Similarly, her work was showing a compulsion to save items she would find in garbage cans or lying beside the curb.

In the 1980s Vivian would face another challenge with her work. Financial stress and lack of stability would once again put her processing on hold and the color Ektachrome rolls began to pile. Sometime between the late 1990’s and the first years of the new millennium, Vivian would put down her camera and keep her belongings in storage while she tried to stay afloat. She bounced from homelessness to a small studio apartment the Gensburgs helped pay for. With meager means, the photographs in storage became lost memories until they were sold off due to non-payment of rent in 2007. The negatives were auctioned off by the storage company to RPN Sales, who parted out the boxes in a much larger auction to several buyers including John Maloof.

In 2008 Vivian fell on a patch of ice and hit her head in downtown Chicago. Although she was expected to make a full recovery, her health began to deteriorate, forcing Vivian into a nursing home. She passed away a short time later in April of 2009, leaving behind her immense archive of work.

PERSONAL LIFE

Vivian Maier swinging on a vine Vivian Maier swinging on a vine

Often described as ‘Mary-Poppin’s’, Vivian Maier had eccentricity on her side as a nanny for three boys who she raised like a mother. Starting in 1956, working for the Gensburgs in an upper-class suburb of Chicago along Lake Michigan’s shore, Vivian had a taste of motherhood. She’d take the boys on trips to strawberry fields to pick berries. She’d find a dead snake on the curb and bring it home to show off to the boys or organize plays with all of the children on the block. Vivian was a free spirit and followed her curiosities wherever they led her.

Having told others she had learned English from theaters and plays, Vivian’s ‘theater of life’ was acted out in front of her eyes for her camera to capture in the most epic moments. Vivian had an interesting history. Her family was completely out of the picture very early on in her life, forcing her to become singular, as she would remain for the rest of her life. She never married, had no children, nor any very close friends that could say they “knew” her on a personal level.

Maier’s photos also betray an affinity for the poor, arguably because of an emotional kinship she felt with those struggling to get by. Her thirst to be cultured led her around the globe. At this point we know of trips to Canada in 1951 and 1955, in 1957 to South America, in 1959 to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, in 1960 to Florida, in 1965 she’d travel to the Caribbean Islands, and so on. It is to be noted that she traveled alone and gravitated toward the less fortunate in society.

Her travels to search out the exotic caused her to seek out the unusual in her own backyard as well. Whether it was the overlooked sadness of Yugoslavian émigrés burying their Czar, the final go-around at the legendary stockyards, a Polish film screening at the Milford Theater’s Cinema Polski, or Chicagoans welcoming home the Apollo Crew, she was a one-person documenting impresario, documenting what caught her eye, in photos, film and sound.

The personal accounts from people who knew Vivian are all very similar. She was eccentric, strong, heavily opinionated, highly intellectual, and intensely private. She wore a floppy hat, a long dress, wool coat, and men’s shoes and walked with a powerful stride. With a camera around her neck whenever she left the house, she would obsessively take pictures, but never showed her photos to anyone. An unabashed and unapologetic original.

PHOTOGRAPHY

All of the images that you’ll find on this website are not from prints made by Maier, but rather from new scans prepared from Vivian’s negatives. This naturally leads one to the issue of artistic intent. What would Vivian have printed? How? These are valid concerns, the reason utmost attention has been given to learn the styles she favored in her work. It required meticulously studying the prints that Maier, herself, had printed, as well as the many, many notes given to labs with instructions on how to print and crop, what type of paper, what finish on the paper, etc. Whenever her work has been exhibited, such as for the exhibit at the Chicago Cultural Center, this information is factored in mind to interpret her work as closely as possible to her original process.

JEANNE BERTRAND

Jeanne Bertrand in a Boston Globe article from 1902 Jeanne Bertrand in a Boston Globe article from 1902

Jeanne Bertrand was a notable figure in Vivian’s life. Census records list her as the head of household, living together with Vivian and her mother in 1930. Jeanne’s upbringing was similar to Vivian’s – she grew up poor, lost her father while young, and worked in a needle factory in sweatshop like conditions. Yet by 1905 we can read about Jeanne Bertrand in the Boston Globe, being touted as one of the most eminent photographers of Connecticut. What makes this even more surprising is that Bertand had picked up photography only four years prior to that report. But, even if Bertrand was an early influence, it must also be noted that Bertrand was a portrait photographer. Vivian first picked up a camera in the southern French Alps in about 1949. The photographs she took were controlled portraits and landscapes. The odds are strong that Vivian might have been taught by Jeanne Bertrand.

In 1951, Vivian arrived in New York City continuing the same techniques she practiced in France with the same Kodak Brownie camera in 6×9 film format. But, in 1952, Vivian’s work changed dramatically. She began shooting with a square format. She bought an expensive Rolleiflex camera – a huge leap from the amateur box camera she first used. Her eye had changed. She was capturing the spontaneity of street scenes with precision reminiscent of Henri-Cartier-Bresson, street portraits evocative of Lisette Model and fantastic compositions similar to Andre Kertesz. 1952 was the year that that Vivian’s classic style began to take shape.

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